Artist |
Dongen, Kees van |
All we know of the sitter is her first name, which is writ-
ten in large block letters (in the Artist’s or perhaps the
dealer?s hand) on the stretcher of the unlined, lightly
primed canvas. In keeping with his usual practice, van
Dongen did not date the picture. He limits the portrait
to the sitter?s head, neck, shoulders, and upper torso.
–Maria” is a young woman who exudes a warmth and
accessibility that is not overtly sexual, but whose beauty
directly engages the viewer?s attention. She wears a bright
red dress with latticework sleeves, the left one exposing
the bare skin of her shoulder and upper arm. Her pink
cheeks are flushed, and the highlight on her lower lip
suggests that her lips are wet. Her enormous eyes and
sensuous mouth are hallmarks of van Dongen?s female
portraits, expressive devices that here are further exag-
gerated in the width of the eyes and the size of the pupils.
There are touches of green on her neck and left cheek
and in the area over her upper lip. At the left, along the
edge of her black hair, a dark blue area perhaps denotes
a hat or an ornament of cascading feathers, which appears
to be held in place by a shiny gold barrette, or bandeau.
The artist used a fairly large brush, working quickly
and leaving the canvas slightly unfinished, especially in
the area of the sleeve (although some overpainting was
employed to change the contour of the shoulder at the
right), which only adds to the freshness of the work. It is
likely that the portrait was painted sometime between
1907 and 1910, based on the close resemblance of
Maria?s black hair and eyes, heart-shaped face, well-
defined eyelids, and straight nose to the features of the
sitter in van Dongen?s Woman with a Green Hat of 1907, implying that the same model may have posed
for both paintings. Another clue in establishing an
approximate date for the Lehman painting is the style of
the sitter?s dress, its scoop neck and openwork sleeve invit-
ing comparison to the gown worn by Agathe Gravestein
in a van Dongen portrait of 1909 ; unlike many of his female subjects, Maria wears no jewelry." The fact
that only her first name is used as the title of the painting
suggests that she was a paid model, or perhaps a friend,
and consequently, that the work was not a commissioned
portrait.
Dating Maria between 1907 and 1910 assigns it to
the period in which van Dongen was experimenting
with Fauvism and Expressionism,‰ yet this is a far more
conservative painting than other contemporary examples
by van Dongen3ƒ4as, for example, his boldly erotic
Le Hussard, or Liverpool Light House at Rotterdam, a
wildly colorful image of the transvestite soprano of 1907
(Fondation Fridart, Geneva), and Modjesko, Soprano
Singer of 1908 (see note 1, below). The immediacy and
primitive power of the Lehman portrait evoke early
twentieth-century portraits by Matisse, such as Woman
with a Hat of 1905. Although the Lehman painting is not quite so intense and colorfully inventive as the
Matisse (or as the two van Dongen pictures mentioned
above), the artist does employ a vivid red for Maria?s
dress and bright greens in certain areas of her skin, in
line with the Fauveà preference for brilliant, unblended
color. Van Dongen acknowledged Matisse?s influence not
long after he settled in Paris in 1899: –In Holland my
paintings were much darker and much heavier, the way
Dutch cooking and Dutch people are heavy. But in Paris
everything seems light, and we all wanted to get that
lightness into our painting. So we used pure colors,
sometimes almost brutal in their intensity. In those days
Matisse had already become a kind of high priest of the
young painters.”
Because van Dongen?s portraits3ƒ4especially those of
women3ƒ4are characterized by a certain stylization, it is
tempting to suggest that his painted subjects resemble
one another more closely than they do the actual appear-
ance of the individual sitters. However, when a photo-
graph of van Dongen?s model is available for comparison
with the painted image, the likeness is striking. This cer-
tainly holds true for his portraits of Fernande Olivier,
whose square face and almond-shaped eyes, well docu-
mented in contemporary photographs, are given their
due in van Dongen?s studies of 1905-7 (she and Picasso
lived above the van Dongen family in the ramshackle
warren of artistà studios and flats in Montmartre known
as the Bateau-Lavoir).
Portrait painting was a lucrative endeavor for
van Dongen throughout his long career. From the portrait
sketches he sold for a few francs during his first stay in
Paris in 1897 to his portraits of the actress Brigitte Bardot
featured in Life magazine in 1960,SÀ he could always
count on this art form to provide a goodly portion of his
livelihood, considerable fame, and on occasion, notori-
ety.? Although van Dongen was not always flattering to
his sitters, from 1920 on, he was in great demand as a
portrait painter in Paris, Deauville, Versailles, Venice,
and Monaco. Van Dongen?s models included his elderly,
bearded father; wives and mistresses; and his daughter
and son. Following the birth of his daughter Augusta
(–Dolly”) in 1905, he painted a series of intimate family
scenes, including one of his wife, Guus, and Dolly when
the baby was only a few hours old. In one image of Dolly
as a toddler in 1909, she is dressed in her father?s clothes.
In 1910, van Dongen depicted Guus seated (Guus in
Blue) and standing, three-quarter length (Guus on a Red
Ground). His meeting in 1938 with Marie-Claire3ƒ4who
would later become his second wife73ƒ4resulted in several
paintings of her and of their son, Jean-Marie, who was
the subject of portraits in 1941, 1950, and 1955, and of
color lithographs and a poster made after the 1950s
paintings.
However, portraits of females were by far van
Dongen?s preferred theme. A portfolio called –Femmes,”
containing lithographs after six of his drawings of women?s faces, was published in Paris in 1927 by Editions Les
Quatre Chemins,? and from about 1925 to 1930, van
Dongen worked on another series of hand-colored litho-
graphs of women wearing hats, but the project was never
finished." Among those who commissioned portraits in
oil were the actress Paulette Pax, the poet Anna de
Noailles, and the song-and-dance performers the Dolly
Sisters3ƒ4but perhaps his favorite model of all was the
Marchesa Luisa Casati, whose kohl-encircled eyes so
well suited van Dongen?s portrait style.** Nevertheless,
many men sat for van Dongen portraits: as early as 1908,
the artist had participated in the exhibition –Portraits
d?hommes” at Bernheim-Jeune in Paris, and with charac-
teristic impudence, included Modjesko, his startling por-
trayal of the female impersonator, as one of the two
works he submitted to the gallery (see above, and note
1). Among van Dongen?s more conventional male sitters
were art dealers, poets, writers, theatrical personalities,
aristocrats, businessmen, diplomats, and military and
political figures, such as Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, Paul
Guillaume, Charles Malpel, Maurice Chevalier, André
Citroén, Cosmo Sotero, Charles Rappoport, Colonel
Edouard Réquin, the Aga Khan, and King Léopold III
of Belgium. Van Dongen also painted numerous self-
portraits beginning in 1894, among them, one of himself
as Neptune (1922) and two nude studies (1935).
Sometimes, in an act of sublime self-confidence, he signed
his portraits simply –Le Peintre.” Maria, the only portrait of the four paintings by van
Dongen in the Lehman Collection (see cat. nos. 91, 92,
93), is the earliest of these works but the last to have
been acquired by Robert Lehman, who purchased it only
three years before his own death in 1969 and just two
years before the death of his friend Kees van Dongen.
Signature:Signed in faint gray paint (bottom left): Van Dongen
Inscribed in large black letters (on the verso of the horizontal
stretcher): MARIA
Provenance:
Ed. Hentch, Paris; acquired from Jacques Lindon, Inc., New York, by Robert Lehman, Sands Point, Long Island, March 1966. |